We have had a lot of interest in the work we’ve done following the numbers of non-citizen registrant removals by the VA department of election (ELECT). I recently got asked a follow up question as to how those numbers broke out with respect to estimated party leaning for each of the 435 identified non-citizen voters. The method for performing this calculation is presented below. The majority (~77%) could not be associated with either party as they either did not have Primary Election voting history or the computation resulted in a neutral score. There were approximately ~21% with DEM party leaning and only ~2% with REP party leaning.
Method:
VA does not have registration by party, so there is no direct method for knowing a registrants party affiliation. However, for the subset of voters that have voted in party primaries, we can calculate a “leaning” score in a couple of different ways:
Leaning_v1 : This method uses the weighted average of the elections each voter has participated in, with Democratic primaries weighted as +1, and Republican primaries weighted as -1, and all other elections weighted as 0.
Leaning_v2: This method computes the voter leaning as the difference in the ratios of how often a voter participates in either a Dem or Rep primary, with a positive result meaning higher Dem, and a negative result meaning a higher Rep score.
Using the results that we presented previously, we have computed the Leaning scores for each identified non-citizen voter and computed the percentage of the non-citizen voters that fall into each category of Republican, Democrat or Unknown. Both methods of computing the leaning give slightly different, but consistent, results.
Results:
Leaning_v1 of Distinct Identified Non-Citizen Voters:
We have updated our previous analysis (from March, and July) with the latest information from the VA Department of Elections data.
Corrections (09/21/2024): After initial publication there were two errors discovered in generating the correlated entries from the VHL and DAL file archives.
Due to the Department of Elections recent (08/28/2024) change to the DOB data, VHL entries that should have been removed as duplicate entries in our combined VHL history were not being correctly handled.
Due to a variable naming typo in our processing scripts, the supplemental entries found in the DAL were not being de-duplicated against the entries already found in the VHL, as was reported.
Abstract:
Using the data provided by the VA Department of Elections (ELECT), we have identified at least 2,299 unique registrations that were identified as “Declared Non-Citizen” and removed by ELECT from the voter rolls since May of 2023. Of those 2,299 there were 438 (revised from 453) that also had corresponding records of recent ballots cast at some point in the official Voter History record that we could observe. There were 1,034 (revised from 1,117) associated ballots cast identified since Feb of 2019. There were an additional 164 non-citizen registrations that had at least 1 vote cast as per the Daily Absentee List (DAL) data, with a total of 204 ballots identified, however only two of those DAL identified voters and two ballots were not already identified in the VHL. The total number of identified non-citizen ballots cast is therefore 1,036 (revised from 1,321) by 440 (revised from 617) registrants when combining unique VHL and DAL identifications.
After our March 2024 post on this topic, we submitted all of the relevant information that we had at the time to the VA AG’s office. We have not heard any response or update on the matter since that time, besides this being considered an active investigation. We subsequently sent our July results as well to the same contact at the AG’s office, but have had no response.
The Arlington County VA Electoral Board undertook their own investigation into this matter after our previous results were posted, and they recently (as of Sept 10 2024) voted 3-0 to send the information to the AG’s office as well. The Arlington County Commonwealths Attorney also is reported to have an ongoing investigation into the matter.
The VA Department of Elections continuously tries to identify and remove invalid or out of date registration records from the voter rolls. One category used for removal is if a registrant has been determined to be a non-citizen. It is required by the VA Constitution that only citizens are allowed to vote in VA elections.
In elections by the people, the qualifications of voters shall be as follows: Each voter shall be a citizen of the United States, shall be eighteen years of age, shall fulfill the residence requirements set forth in this section, and shall be registered to vote pursuant to this article. …
Additionally, according to VA Code Section 24.2-1004, the act of knowingly casting a ballot by someone who is not eligible to vote is a Class 6 felony.
A. Any person who wrongfully deposits a ballot in the ballot container or casts a vote on any voting equipment, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
B. Any person who intentionally (i) votes more than once in the same election, whether those votes are cast in Virginia or in Virginia and any other state or territory of the United States, (ii) procures, assists, or induces another to vote more than once in the same election, whether those votes are cast in Virginia or in Virginia and any other state or territory of the United States, (iii) votes knowing that he is not qualified to vote where and when the vote is to be given, or (iv) procures, assists, or induces another to vote knowing that such person is not qualified to vote where and when the vote is to be given is guilty of a Class 6 felony.
ELECT makes available for purchase by qualifying parties various different data sets, including the registered voter list (RVL) and the voter history list information file (VHL). Additionally, ELECT makes available a Monthly Update Service (MUS) subscription that is published at the beginning of each month and contains (almost) all of the Voter List changes and transactions for the previous period.
In the MUS data there is a “NVRAReasonCode” field that is associated with each transaction that gives the reason for the update or change in the voter record. This is in accordance with the disclosure and transparency requirements in the NVRA. One of the possible reason codes given for records that are removed is “Declared Non-Citizen.”
EPEC has been consistently purchasing and archiving all of these official records as part of our ongoing work to document and educate the public as to the ongoing operations of our elections. (If your interested in supporting this work, please head on over to our donation page, or to our give-send-go campaign to make a tax-deductible donation, as these data purchases are not cheap!)
EPEC looked at the number of records associated with unique voter identification numbers that had been identified for removal from the voter record due to non-citizenship status, per the entries in the MUS, and correlated those results with our accumulated voter history list information in order to determine how many non-citizen registrations had corresponding records of ballots cast in previous elections. We only considered those records that are currently in a non-active state as of the latest MUS transaction log, as some determinations of non-citizenship status in the historical MUS transaction log might have been due to error and subsequently corrected and reinstated to active status. That is, we are not considering those records that had a “Declared Non-Citizen” disqualification, but were then subsequently reinstated and reactivated by ELECT.
While EPEC has periodically purchased full copies of the Voter History List for our archive, there is a known issue with the way ELECT handles removals from the voter record that can cause sampling issues depending on the time the VHL file is purchased, and records of legitimately cast ballots to not be present in the VHL: Namely, when ELECT removes a voter from the voter list, they also remove all instances of that voter ID from voter history information and other data files provided to qualified organizations. (IMO … thats a terrible way to manage the data, but that is the way it is done.) In light of that, EPEC also used its archived versions of the Daily Absentee List (DAL) for recent elections in order to attempt to find records of votes cast that might otherwise be missing from the VHL.
Results:
There were 2,299 unique voter records marked for removal with the reason of “Declared Non-Citizen” and not subsequently reinstated in the accumulated MUS record that EPEC began collecting in mid-2023. Of those 2,299 there were 438 (revised from 453) that also had corresponding records of recent ballots cast at some point in the official Voter History record that we could observe. There were 1,034 (revised from 1,117) associated ballots cast identified since Feb of 2019. Figure 1 shows the distribution of non-citizen voters in the cumulative MUS file history. The blue trace represent the total identified and CANCELED non-citizen registrations, and the yellow trace represents the number of those records that also had corresponding records in the accumulated voter history data.
Figure 1: Distribution if the number of identified non-citizen records and ballots in the cumulative ELECT MUS file history. The x-axis is the date that a record was marked as CANCELED for the reason of “Declared Non-Citizen”.
Note that the data contained in the MUS updates often covers more than a single month period. In other words, the individual MUS files are oversampled. Subsequent MUS files can therefore also have repeated entries from previous versions, as their data may overlap. Our analysis used the first unique entry for a given voter ID marked as “Declared Non-Citizen” in the cumulative MUS record in order to build Figure 1. This data oversampling in the MUS helps explain the relative increase in the May 2023 bin.
As VHL information can be incomplete depending on the time the VHL data was purchased in relation to the time that registrants were removed from voter records, EPEC also checked these non-citizen removals against the archived history of Daily Absentee List (DAL) files that EPEC has accumulated. There were an additional 164 non-citizen registrations that had at least 1 vote cast as per the Daily Absentee List (DAL) data, with a total of 204 ballots identified, however only two of those DAL identified voters and two ballots were not already identified in the VHL. The total number of identified non-citizen ballots cast is therefore 1,036 (revised from 1,321) by 440 (revised from 617) registrants when combining unique VHL and DAL identifications.
These identifications represent only the individuals who declared themselves as non-citizen status through official interactions with ELECT, DMV, or other agencies.
The distribution of identified unique voter ID’s for the 440 identified non-citizen voters per VA locality is given below in Table 1. It should be noted that each ballot record has a specific locality associated with where the ballot was cast, whereas unique individuals might move between localities over time. The assignment of unique identified individuals to each locality in table 1 is therefore based on the locality listed in the specific MUS “Declared Non-Citizen” record for that individual, while the assignment of ballot cast to Localities is based on the individual VHL/DAL records. A person could have lived and voted multiple times in one county, then moved to another county and voted again before finally being determined as a non-citizen. The same person would have generated multiple VHL/DAL records for each ballot cast, and associated with potentially different localities. This should be kept in mind when attempting to interpret Table 1.
MUS Removals
Voted (VHL)
Voted (DAL)
Total Voted
Votes (VHL)
Voted (DAL)
Total Votes
ACCOMACK COUNTY
1
0
0
ALBEMARLE COUNTY
22
4
4
6
6
ALEXANDRIA CITY
109
21
21
36
36
AMELIA COUNTY
2
1
1
3
3
APPOMATTOX COUNTY
1
0
0
ARLINGTON COUNTY
69
15
15
43
43
AUGUSTA COUNTY
6
1
1
1
1
BEDFORD COUNTY
9
2
2
3
3
BOTETOURT COUNTY
2
0
0
BRUNSWICK COUNTY
1
1
1
2
2
BUCKINGHAM COUNTY
3
0
0
CAROLINE COUNTY
5
1
1
5
5
CARROLL COUNTY
6
2
2
0
CHARLES CITY COUNTY
2
1
1
3
3
CHARLOTTESVILLE CITY
15
2
2
7
7
CHESAPEAKE CITY
59
16
16
33
33
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
212
22
22
51
51
CLARKE COUNTY
6
3
3
4
4
COLONIAL HEIGHTS CITY
5
1
1
3
3
CULPEPER COUNTY
16
1
1
1
1
DANVILLE CITY
14
2
2
8
8
DINWIDDIE COUNTY
7
1
1
1
1
EMPORIA CITY
2
0
0
ESSEX COUNTY
1
0
0
FAIRFAX CITY
9
3
3
11
1
12
FAIRFAX COUNTY
401
78
1
79
175
175
FAUQUIER COUNTY
13
2
2
9
9
FLUVANNA COUNTY
1
1
1
1
1
FRANKLIN COUNTY
3
2
2
4
4
FREDERICK COUNTY
19
2
2
2
2
FREDERICKSBURG CITY
15
1
1
1
1
GALAX CITY
1
0
0
GILES COUNTY
2
0
0
GLOUCESTER COUNTY
1
1
1
1
1
GOOCHLAND COUNTY
4
0
0
GRAYSON COUNTY
1
0
0
GREENE COUNTY
4
1
1
2
2
HALIFAX COUNTY
1
0
0
HAMPTON CITY
40
9
9
15
15
HANOVER COUNTY
8
1
1
4
4
HARRISONBURG CITY
39
2
2
3
3
HENRICO COUNTY
29
3
3
10
10
HENRY COUNTY
2
2
ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY
1
0
1
1
JAMES CITY COUNTY
23
4
4
11
11
KING GEORGE COUNTY
1
0
0
KING WILLIAM COUNTY
1
0
0
LOUDOUN COUNTY
135
42
42
89
89
LOUISA COUNTY
7
0
0
LYNCHBURG CITY
16
2
2
2
2
MANASSAS CITY
25
3
3
9
9
MANASSAS PARK CITY
11
0
0
MARTINSVILLE CITY
4
1
1
0
MECKLENBURG COUNTY
6
3
3
10
10
MIDDLESEX COUNTY
2
0
0
NELSON COUNTY
2
0
0
NEW KENT COUNTY
2
1
1
0
NEWPORT NEWS CITY
67
19
19
45
45
NORFOLK CITY
58
12
12
29
29
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY
3
2
2
5
5
NOTTOWAY COUNTY
2
0
0
ORANGE COUNTY
2
1
1
3
3
PETERSBURG CITY
17
3
3
5
5
PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY
4
1
1
1
1
PORTSMOUTH CITY
33
11
11
35
35
POWHATAN COUNTY
3
0
1
1
PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
10
3
3
11
11
PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY
10
1
1
1
1
PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY
220
43
43
103
103
PULASKI COUNTY
5
1
1
2
2
RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY
1
0
0
RICHMOND CITY
112
20
1
21
59
1
60
ROANOKE CITY
43
2
2
0
ROANOKE COUNTY
4
0
1
1
ROCKINGHAM COUNTY
21
5
5
13
13
RUSSELL COUNTY
2
1
1
1
1
SALEM CITY
3
0
0
SHENANDOAH COUNTY
7
1
1
1
1
SMYTH COUNTY
2
0
0
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
35
3
3
8
8
STAFFORD COUNTY
41
7
7
21
21
STAUNTON CITY
3
0
0
SUFFOLK CITY
27
11
11
20
20
SUSSEX COUNTY
2
1
1
3
3
TAZEWELL COUNTY
3
1
1
1
1
VIRGINIA BEACH CITY
106
15
15
45
45
WARREN COUNTY
8
2
2
5
5
WASHINGTON COUNTY
4
2
2
6
6
WAYNESBORO CITY
3
0
0
WESTMORELAND COUNTY
1
0
0
WILLIAMSBURG CITY
3
0
0
WINCHESTER CITY
15
2
2
2
2
WYTHE COUNTY
2
0
0
YORK COUNTY
15
9
9
35
35
2299
438
2
440
1034
2
1036
The distribution of the 1,034 ballots that were identified as being cast by non-citizen voters (yellow trace in Figure 1) in previous elections is shown in Figure 2. The most significant spikes are in the 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 November General elections, as well as the 2020 March Democratic presidential primary. Figure 3, which shows this distribution as a percentage of votes cast. Please note the scale of the Y-axis on the percent plot in Figure 3 is in units of 10^-3 percent. These graphs were only produced for the VHL data, and do not include the DAL identified records.
Figure 2: Distribution of identified non-citizen ballots cast in previous elections.
Figure 3: Distribution of identified non-citizen ballots cast in previous elections as percent of total ballots cast, according to entries in the VHL/DAL data files.
Figures 4 and 5 show the distribution of the registration dates of the identified non-citizen records. The same data is plotted in figure 4 and 5, with the only difference being the scale of the Y-axis in order to better observe the dynamic range of the values. When we look at the registration date of these identified records, we see that there is a distinct relative increase starting around 1996, and then again around 2012.
Figure 4: Registration dates of the identified non-citizen records. Absolute count on y-axis.
Figure 5: Registration dates of the identified non-citizen records. Logarithmic Y-axis scale.
EPEC made a FOIA request to the VA Attorney General’s office on March 11, 2024 inquiring for any records regarding how many prosecutions for non-citizen voting had occurred since June of 2023. We received a response that the AG had no such relevant records.
EPEC subsequently submitted our March analysis dataset to the VA AG’s office upon their request. We have heard no updates or status as to any action taken by the AG’s office since that time, except that it is being considered an ongoing investigation.
Discussion
It appears from the MUS data, that the VA Department of Elections (ELECT) is doing routine identification, cleanup and removal of non-citizen registrations, which is a good thing and we commend them for their continued efforts to maintain clean voter registration lists.
However, the fact that a small number of these identified non-citizen registrations are also associated with (presumably … if the data from ELECT is accurate) illegally cast ballots in previous elections does raise a number of questions that citizens should be (politely) asking and discussing with their legislators, elected and appointed government officials. Each act of non-citizen voting is a de-facto disenfranchisement of legal voters rights, and is a punishable offense under VA law.
Q: How did these registrants get placed onto the voter rolls in the first place?
Q: What method and/or data sources are used by the state to identify non-citizen registrations for removal? If that process is exhaustive, and covers all registrations, then these numbers might be considered to represent a statistical complete picture of the problem. If that process is not exhaustive, in that it only uses serendipitous corroborating data sources, then these results likely under-represent the scale of the issues.
Q: As noted above, we are only considering here those individuals who have not had their records re-instated or reactivated after a determination of non-citizen status. We do not have enough information to determine how or why some records were first determined to be non-citizen, canceled and then subsequently re-instated. One potential area of concern is determining whether or not registrants might be falsely or errantly claiming to not be a citizen on official documents in order to be excused from jury duty, for example, and then work to re-instate their voting status once those documents percolate through the system to ELECT and are flagged for removal. This is a wholly separate but serious issue, as making false claims on official documents is itself a punishable offense.
Q: What procedures, processes and technical solutions are in place to prevent current or future registration and casting of ballots by non-citizens? This is especially pertinent given the current state of the flow of illegal immigrants crossing our national borders. According to a recent report by Yahoo Finance, VA is one of the top 30 destinations for illegal migrants, with both Loudoun County and Fairfax making the list.
Q: Why have none of the identified non-citizens who also cast ballots been investigated or prosecuted under VA Code 24.2-1004? As the identification of these ballots comes directly from looking at the official records produced by ELECT, it seems prudent for these to be forwarded by ELECT to the AG’s office with a recommendation to investigate and prosecute. Yet our FOIA request to the VA AG’s office inquiring as to any records associated with these types of investigations or prosecutions produced a “no relevant records exist” response. And since we submitted this information to the AG’s office, there has been no follow up.
Additionally, this evidence which is derived from only official state records, directly contradicts multiple news media reports and attestations that non-citizen voting is a “Myth”, and that non-citizen voting happens “almost never”. If the data from ELECT is accurate, then there are at least 1,117 ballots that have been cast by non-citizen voters just since 2019. Now, that is still very infrequent, but it is not “almost never.” It is a legitimate concern … and these discoveries are only the registrations that have been found and removed from the voter roles by ELECT and that we can observe in the data. We do not know how many exist that we do not know about.
It should be reiterated that these are only the records that we can observe given our data repository, and how often we can realistically purchase and acquire voter history and voter registration information. It is therefore likely that this represents a significant undercount of the occurrences of non-citizen voters and non-citizen voting.
It costs us (EPEC) approximately ~$5K for each purchase of the statewide voter history list, and approximately $15K/year to maintain RVL records using a single baseline full purchase + 2 purchases of the 6mo MUS subscription. Due to the infrequent nature of these data purchases, it is very likely that some individuals have had their voter history or voter registration information completely removed from the record in between our purchases. Additionally, we know that the MUS data does not entirely encompass all transactions performed on the RVL by the department of elections, so there may be yet other unknown transactions that we are missing.
For information that is supposed to be publicly available (according to federal NVRA laws), the state has put up significant hurdles in order for citizens and organizations to acquire it for use it for ensuring transparency and integrity of our electoral process. If we are to have elections that are transparent and accountable to the public, then we must insist that the data be made available and accessible.
EPEC has compared the changes to two purchased full versions of the VA Registered Voter List (RVL) to the content of the Monthly Update Service (MUS) data covering the same temporal period. Of the ID numbers that were added to the RVL, 3,613 (or 1.0589% of total additions) never appear anywhere in the MUS files covering the same temporal period. Of the ID numbers that were removed from the RVL, 3,355 (or 2.4096% total removals) never appear anywhere in the MUS files covering the same temporal period.
Since mid 2023 EPEC has been purchasing, processing and archiving copies of both the full Registered Voter List (RVL) and the Monthly Update Service (MUS) files which gives the UPDATE, ADD or CANCEL transactions to the voter list throughout the year.
Once a baseline RVL is established, the MUS files can be used to update that baseline in order to keep the list current. That should be all one needs to keep an accurate dataset of the registered voter list using monthly updates … except there is a catch … the MUS for some reason doesn’t quite capture all of the changes that are occurring in the voter list. In fact, we see about 1-2.5% of the ADD or CANCEL transactions between each RVL snapshot are not reflected by any corresponding entries in the MUS.
All of the changes that are made between two different RVL baseline snapshots should be able to be observed in the corresponding MUS files that cover the same time period, and vice versa. The MUS has transaction logs accounting for new registrants, for registrants who move, for removing deceased individuals, for individuals that have had a change in their felon status, for individuals who are determined non-citizen, for administrative updates and correction, etc. So, in theory, it should be able to be a complete record. However, over the course of working with the VA data files, every so often we have noticed that some transactions seem to be unaccounted for. Therefore, once we had enough data compiled, we decided to test just how well the MUS data actually explains the changes we see between between two baseline RVL files.
Method:
For this experiment, we used full RVL snapshots purchased from VA Department of Elections (ELECT) on 2023-06-30 and 2024-08-29, and all of the monthly MUS distributions covering the entire time period in between.
Using the voter ID number field that is present in all datasets, we first determine which ID numbers were added to the 2024 RVL dataset, and which ID numbers were deleted from the 2023 RVL data. We then checked to see how many of those ID numbers appear in any of the MUS data files, for any reason.
Note that this data was processed statewide, such that registrants moving between localities within the state should not affect the total number of computed additions or removals, as the ID numbers should still be present in the datasets, although corresponding locality information may have changed.
Results:
The breakdown of the number of changes that were present in the MUS file over the time period of the RVL snapshots (2023-06-30 through 2024-08-29) is given in Figure 1 below. The MUS data was deduplicated and truncated to only consider transactions with TRANSACTION date information between the dates associated with the RVL datasets. The bars in Figure 1 are logarithmically scaled in the y-axis, with the x-axis representing the NVRAReasonCode given for each transaction in the MUS. The bars are color coded by transaction type. As there are duplicates and oversampling within the collection of MUS files, only the latest transactions for each uniquely identified ID number was utilized to generate the plot. As can be seen from the various categories along the x-axis of this plot, the data in the MUS logs should be sufficient to capture all of the transactions with the RVL.
Figure 1: Breakdown of MUS transactions between 2023-06-30 and 2024-08-29
Direct Inspection of the RVL Snapshots:
Performing a simple set-difference between the elements of the unique ID numbers present in the 2023-06-30 RVL data vs the 2024-08-29 RVL data shows that there were 341,191 unique ID’s added, and 139,232 removed between the two datasets.
Of the ID numbers that were ADDED between the raw RVL snapshots, 3,613 (or 1.0589%) never appear anywhere in the MUS files covering the same temporal period.
Of the 3,613 ID numbers that were ADDED between the raw RVL snapshots, and that don’t appear in the MUS record, 537 (or 14.863%) have at least one entry in the Voter History List (VHL) data the EPEC has been collecting and archiving.
Of the ID numbers that were REMOVED between the raw RVL snapshots, 3,355 (or 2.4096%) never appear anywhere in the MUS files covering the same temporal period.
Of the 3,355 ID numbers that were REMOVED between the raw RVL snapshots, and that don’t appear in the MUS record, 2,011 (or 59.94%) have at least one entry in the VHL data the EPEC has been collecting and archiving.
Using the MUS-Adjusted RVL baseline
If we ignore the 2024-08-29 dataset, and instead directly apply the transactions in the MUS datafiles to the 2023-06-30 dataset in order to create a new RVL list, we would end up with 342,888 Additions, and 137,849 removals respectively to unique voter ID numbers. We see 1,697 more (342,888-341,191=1697) additions when trying to directly apply the MUS than when directly comparing RVL snapshots, and 1,383 less (139,232-137,849=1393) removals. Keep in mind these discrepancies are in addition to the 3,613 and 3,355 discrepancies using the RVL snapshot baselines, as the ID numbers in each set are unique. So the total number of discrepancies is 3,613 + 3,355 + 1,697 + 1,383 = 10,048 records.
We do not understand yet the origin of these discrepancies, it could be a coding error on the part of the developers of the VERIS system, or it could be that there is a category of data adjustments that is not adequately reflected in the RVL or MUS data products. The RVL snapshots are supposed to be the authoritative record of the voter registration data, and the MUS data updates are supposed to capture all of the transactional changes to said registration records.
Regardless of the cause of the discrepancy, the fact remains that there are a small number of transactions and changes to the voter record that are unobservable. They are, in effect, “dark” transactions in the voter registration data that cannot be observed, validated or verified.
The VA Department of Elections (ELECT) has given us at EPEC notice (as of 8/26/2024) that they will be removing the full date of birth information from purchased datasets and replacing it with year of birth only. Note that this is not in relation to publicly available data, but for data that has been purchased by specific qualifying individuals or organizations capable of purchasing and handling expanded datasets according to VA law and ELECT policies. Current VA law does NOT allow full birthdate information in publicly disclosed records, but there is no restriction on it being included in otherwise protected records provided to qualified organizations. In fact, many qualified organizations have relied on this information in order to perform their legitimate functions.
The use of full birthdate information is an important field when trying to identify and discriminate between individual registrants that might otherwise have the same name information: “John Q. Smith 10/19/1981” can obviously be determined to be a unique registrant vs. “John Q. Smith 04/01/1981”. But if only the year of birth information is available, these two (hypothetical) records become much more difficult to distinguish without supplemental information. Removing the full date of birth information degrades the confidence and accuracy of registration matching queries.
The degradation in the ability to confidently match records due to removing month and day of birth information can be seen in the table below. 1,000,000 records from a recent VA RVL (Aug 2024) were used to demonstrate what happens to the ability to match records when altering the birth information. All other processing was exactly the same. Even when only considering records that are exactly matching, the removal of month and day of birth information results in an increase of potential matches by nearly 400%. That means that for every true match that a Full-DOB would produce, there are 3 false-positive matches when only using Year of Birth information. The numbers get increasingly worse as you consider 1, 2, or 3 character differences.
Exact Matches
1 Char Diff
2 Chars Diff
3 Chars Diff
Total
Full-DOB
113
86
334
1556
2089
Year-Only
441
3512
10199
34151
48303
% Change
390.27%
4083.72%
3053.59%
2194.79%
2312.25%
1,000,000 records from the most recent VA Registered Voter List (RVL) were compared for similarity score using different birth information. “Full-DOB” processing utilized the FIRST MIDDLE LAST SUFFIX GENDER MM/DD/YYYY information. Year only processing utilized FIRST MIDDLE LAST SUFFIX GENDER YYYY information. All other processing was exactly the same.
The ability to match or distinguish between registration records in the registered voter list is important for being able to perform a number of different legitimate activities by authorized organizations, such as:
The determination if a person is already registered (or not) by get-out-the-vote organizations.
Determining the existence of potential duplicate registration records by election integrity, public research, and watchdog organizations.
The identification and validation of potential Electoral Board member candidates, Election Officers and authorized Poll Watchers by political parties and candidates as required by VA law.
The vetting of volunteers for other partisan candidate and party functions and activities (door-knockers, event organizers, etc.)
The identification and verification of deceased individuals and corroborating obituary information.
… and much, much, more.
This change in the official data by ELECT will also affect the organizational and operational logistics of multiple organizations. With only a few weeks left before the start of the early voting period, organizations (both partisan and non-partisan alike) will need to expend precious money, time and resources in order to correct all of their data ingest and processing systems to handle the new formats and fields. They will also need to invent new logic to combine and fuse older (full-DOB) data with the newly released (year-only) data in order to maintain their mission effectiveness.
Note: This also means that there is an increased risk of spam phone calls and marketing materials being sent to individuals who otherwise would have been excluded from targeted marketing efforts had they been able to confidently discriminate them from similar, but different, registration records. Each of those otherwise unnecessary phone calls or text messages costs time and money for the candidates and campaigns, and the companies they hire, as well as potential annoyance by the recipients.
As it stands, we (the proverbial “we”) are just going to have to deal with this sudden loss of data fidelity for the time being. Even if political or legal remedies are ultimately successful, they will take time. The works still needs to get done in the meantime. It’s not the end of the world, but it decreases the confidence of automated matching systems, and increases the amount of human labor required by volunteers, campaigns, registrars and other election officials.
Some questions I have regarding this matter:
Why the sudden change? There does not seem to be a recent court case or legal reason pressing for immediate change, at least that I am aware of.
Why not wait until after the election such as not to impact current operations of various election related organizations? This would be consistent with how the department of elections has operated in the past.
Below you will find the current summary data and graphics from the 2024 VA November General Election Daily Absentee List files. We pull the DAL file everyday and track the count of each specific ballot category in each daily file.
Note: Page may take a moment to load the graphics objects.
Place your cursor over the series name in the legend at right to see the series highlighted in the graphic. Place your cursor over a specific data point to see that data points value.
The logarithmic plot is the same underlying data as the linear scale plot, except with a logarithmic y-scale in order to be able to compress the dynamic range and see the shape of all of the data curves in a single graphic. Place your cursor over the series name in the legend at right to see the series highlighted in the graphic. Place your cursor over a specific data point to see that data points value.
The underlying data for the graphics above is provided in the summary data table.
Additional Data:
Additional CSV datasets stratified by Locality, City, Congressional District, State House District, State Senate District, and Precinct are available here. Please note that you need to give the page time to load before trying to drill down into any of the listed subdirectories, and mobile browsers have shown some issues.
A direct link to a zip file with ALL of the metrics data stratified by Locality, etc is here.
Data column descriptions:
“ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “ISSUED”
“NOT_ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “NOT ISSUED”
“PROVISIONAL” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “PROVISIONAL” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“DELETED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “DELETED”
“MARKED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “MARKED” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“ON_MACHINE” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “ON_MACHINE” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“PRE_PROCESSED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “PRE-PROCESSED” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“FWAB” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “FWAB” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“MAIL_IN” := The sum of “MARKED” + “PRE_PROCESSED”
“COUNTABLE” := The sum of “PROVISIONAL” + “MARKED” + “PRE_PROCESSED” + “ON_MACHINE” + “FWAB”
“MILITARY” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY”
“OVERSEAS” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS”
“TEMPORARY” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY”
“MILITARY_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY” and where COUNTABLE is True
“OVERSEAS_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS” and where COUNTABLE is True
“TEMPORARY_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY” and where COUNTABLE is True
“MILITARY_ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where APP_STATUS==”Approved”, VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY” and where BALLOT_STATUS==”ISSUED”
“OVERSEAS_ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where APP_STATUS==”Approved”, VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS” and where BALLOT_STATUS==”ISSUED”
“TEMPORARY_ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where APP_STATUS==”Approved”, VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY” and where BALLOT_STATUS==”ISSUED”
“COUNTABLE_HIGH_PROP_NG” := Number of DAL file records where COUNTABLE is True and the registrant has voted in 75% or more of the November General elections on record. (i.e. They have a high November General propensity score)
“COUNTABLE_MED_PROP_NG” := Number of DAL file records where COUNTABLE is True and the registrant has voted in < 75% and > 0% of the November General elections on record.
“COUNTABLE_ZERO_PROP_NG” := Number of DAL file records where COUNTABLE is True and the registrant has never voted in any of the November General elections on record.
All data purchased by Electoral Process Education Corp. (EPEC) from the VA Dept of Elections (ELECT). All processing performed by EPEC.
If you like the work that EPEC is doing, please support us with a donation.
Since VA Gov Youngkin issued Executive Order 35, it has been getting quite a bit of press … I wanted to make a few comments on it after having a chance to digest it.
Overall, I think it’s a net positive for Election Integrity efforts in VA, but not because there is any new or groundbreaking policy by the governor or his administration. Most of the items in his EO are already existing policy, and the EO language is worded such that the current actions of the Department of Elections (ELECT) can be arguably said to comply with those policies. There are a couple of small improvements, such as the fact that this EO codifies into transparent public policy the specific requirements that the commissioner must certify in writing. Even though there isn’t any drastically new policies, this does improve on overall public transparency, confidence and accountability, and I think thats a good thing.
What will be interesting in my opinion, is that now that this EO has been issued, will our team at EPEC notice any demonstrable difference in the quality of voter registration data that we track from ELECT going forward?
More specifically, I’m going to be tracking a few very specific records to see if they get addressed or not.
There are a few egregious records in the VA voter registration file that are obviously problematic that should be removed or at least updated/corrected by ELECT. I, and the team at EPEC, have been tracking these specific records for years but have not published or discussed them publicly. A few of them we even directly mentioned to the current Commissioner of Elections during our face-to-face meeting with her last year. These records should be “easy” to find and clean up by ELECT, as they are obviously errant and invalid registrations in their current state.
As of the latest data we have, those records are still in the voter list and listed as ACTIVE registrations, after nearly four years since I first found them. They can easily be identified with very simple logical checks to the registration records … descriptions of which I and the team at EPEC have discussed publicly and provided direct to ELECT and local registrars on multiple occasions.
The reason I bring this up, is that these can be considered and used as “hold out” test cases, in data science parlance. They are “canaries in the coal mine”, if you will. If we at EPEC start observing that these records are being responsibly updated or removed going forward, in accordance with the mandate in the EO to perform daily scrubbing of the voter rolls for ineligible records, then that would give VA citizens some evidence and verification that the Gov and ELECT are serious about their efforts.
That would be excellent if they did, but seeing as how I’ve been observing these records for 4 years while the administration proclaim what an excellent job its doing … I’m not going to hold my breath.
We have updated our previous analysis with the latest information from the VA Department of Elections data.
Update 07/27/2024: The below numbers have been revised after discovering a minor programming error and a human “fat-finger” error when I originally transcribed table 1. [The previous erroneous numbers were 2031 registrants removed, 438 with observed voting history, for a total of 1089 ballots. The new corrected totals are 1973, 399, and 938 respectively.]
Abstract:
Using the data provided by the VA Department of Elections (ELECT), we have identified at least 1,973 unique registrations that were identified as “Determined Non-Citizen” and removed by ELECT from the voter rolls since May of 2023. Of those 1,973 there were 399 that also had corresponding records of recent ballots cast at some point in the official Voter History record that we could observe. There were 938 associated ballots cast identified since Feb of 2019.
After our previous post on this topic in March 2024, we submitted all of the relevant information that we had at the time to the VA AG’s office. We have not heard any response or update on the matter since that time, besides this being considered an active investigation.
Background:
The VA Department of Elections continuously tries to identify and remove invalid or out of date registration records from the voter rolls. One category used for removal is if a registrant has been determined to be a non-citizen. It is required by the VA Constitution that only citizens are allowed to vote in VA elections.
In elections by the people, the qualifications of voters shall be as follows: Each voter shall be a citizen of the United States, shall be eighteen years of age, shall fulfill the residence requirements set forth in this section, and shall be registered to vote pursuant to this article. …
Additionally, according to VA Code Section 24.2-1004, the act of knowingly casting a ballot by someone who is not eligible to vote is a Class 6 felony.
A. Any person who wrongfully deposits a ballot in the ballot container or casts a vote on any voting equipment, is guilty of a Class 1 misdemeanor.
B. Any person who intentionally (i) votes more than once in the same election, whether those votes are cast in Virginia or in Virginia and any other state or territory of the United States, (ii) procures, assists, or induces another to vote more than once in the same election, whether those votes are cast in Virginia or in Virginia and any other state or territory of the United States, (iii) votes knowing that he is not qualified to vote where and when the vote is to be given, or (iv) procures, assists, or induces another to vote knowing that such person is not qualified to vote where and when the vote is to be given is guilty of a Class 6 felony.
ELECT makes available for purchase by qualifying parties various different data sets, including the registered voter list (RVL) and the voter history list information file (VHL). Additionally, ELECT makes available a Monthly Update Service (MUS) subscription that is published at the beginning of each month and contains (almost) all of the Voter List changes and transactions for the previous period.
In the MUS data there is a “NVRAReasonCode” field that is associated with each transaction that gives the reason for the update or change in the voter record. This is in accordance with the disclosure and transparency requirements in the NVRA. One of the possible reason codes given for records that are removed is “Determined Non-Citizen.”
EPEC has been consistently purchasing and archiving all of these official records as part of our ongoing work to document and educate the public as to the ongoing operations of our elections. (If your interested in supporting this work, please head on over to our donation page, or to our give-send-go campaign to make a tax-deductible donation, as these data purchases are not cheap!)
EPEC looked at the number of records associated with unique voter identification numbers that had been identified for removal from the voter record due to non-citizenship status, per the entries in the MUS, and correlated those results with our accumulated voter history list information in order to determine how many non-citizen registrations had corresponding records of ballots cast in previous elections. We only considered those records that are currently in a non-active state as of the latest MUS transaction log, as some determinations of non-citizenship status in the historical MUS transaction log might have been due to error and subsequently corrected and reinstated to active status. That is, we are not considering those records that had a “Determined Non-Citizen” disqualification, but were then subsequently reinstated and reactivated by ELECT.
Results:
There were 1,973 unique voter records marked for removal with the reason of “Determined Non-Citizen” and not subsequently reinstated in the accumulated MUS record that EPEC began collecting in mid-2023. Of those 1,973 records there were 399 unique voter ID’s that also had a record of casting one or more ballots in the accumulated vote history data that EPEC has been gathering, for a total of 938 ballots cast that can be identified since Feb of 2019. Figure 1 shows the distribution of non-citizen voters in the cumulative MUS file history. The blue trace represent the total identified and CANCELED non-citizen registrations, and the yellow trace represents the number of those records that also had corresponding records in the accumulated voter history data.
Figure 1: Distribution if the number of identified non-citizen records and ballots in the cumulative ELECT MUS file history. The x-axis is the date that a record was marked as CANCELED for the reason of “Determined Non-Citizen”.
Note that the data contained in the MUS updates often covers more than a single month period. In other words, the individual MUS files are oversampled. Subsequent MUS files can therefore also have repeated entries from previous versions, as their data may overlap. Our analysis used the first unique entry for a given voter ID marked as “Determined Non-Citizen” in the cumulative MUS record in order to build Figure 1. This data oversampling in the MUS helps explain the relative increase in the May 2023 bin.
The distribution of identified unique voter ID’s for the 399 identified non-citizen voters per VA locality is given below in Table 1. It should be noted that each ballot record has a specific locality associated with where the ballot was cast, whereas unique individuals might move between localities over time. The assignment of unique identified individuals to each locality in table 1 is therefore based on the locality listed in the specific MUS “Determined Non-Citizen” record for that individual, while the assignment of ballot cast to Localities is based on the individual VHL records. A person could have lived and voted multiple times in one county, then moved to another county and voted again before finally being determined as a non-citizen. The same person would have generated multiple VHL records for each ballot cast, and associated with potentially different localities. This should be kept in mind when attempting to interpret Table 1.
Locality
Registrants
Voters
Ballots
ACCOMACK COUNTY
1
0
0
ALBEMARLE COUNTY
19
3
4
ALEXANDRIA CITY
96
19
34
AMELIA COUNTY
2
1
3
APPOMATTOX COUNTY
1
0
0
ARLINGTON COUNTY
57
13
38
AUGUSTA COUNTY
5
1
1
BEDFORD COUNTY
9
2
3
BOTETOURT COUNTY
1
0
0
BRUNSWICK COUNTY
1
1
2
BUCKINGHAM COUNTY
2
0
0
CAROLINE COUNTY
5
1
0
CARROLL COUNTY
6
2
5
CHARLES CITY COUNTY
1
0
0
CHARLOTTESVILLE CITY
15
2
7
CHESAPEAKE CITY
52
15
32
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
130
19
41
CLARKE COUNTY
6
3
4
COLONIAL HEIGHTS CITY
4
1
3
CULPEPER COUNTY
12
0
0
DANVILLE CITY
13
2
8
DINWIDDIE COUNTY
7
1
1
EMPORIA CITY
2
0
0
FAIRFAX CITY
6
3
9
FAIRFAX COUNTY
355
73
162
FAUQUIER COUNTY
11
1
2
FRANKLIN COUNTY
2
1
1
FREDERICK COUNTY
16
1
1
FREDERICKSBURG CITY
13
1
1
GALAX CITY
1
0
0
GILES COUNTY
2
0
0
GLOUCESTER COUNTY
1
1
1
GOOCHLAND COUNTY
4
0
0
GRAYSON COUNTY
1
0
0
GREENE COUNTY
4
1
2
HALIFAX COUNTY
1
0
0
HAMPTON CITY
39
9
15
HARRISONBURG CITY
30
2
3
HENRICO COUNTY
29
3
8
HENRY COUNTY
0
0
2
ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY
1
0
0
JAMES CITY COUNTY
21
4
11
KING WILLIAM COUNTY
1
0
0
LOUDOUN COUNTY
126
38
86
LOUISA COUNTY
6
0
0
LYNCHBURG CITY
14
2
2
MANASSAS CITY
21
3
9
MANASSAS PARK CITY
9
0
0
MARTINSVILLE CITY
4
1
0
MECKLENBURG COUNTY
6
3
10
MIDDLESEX COUNTY
1
0
0
NELSON COUNTY
2
0
0
NEW KENT COUNTY
1
1
0
NEWPORT NEWS CITY
58
18
44
NORFOLK CITY
50
11
28
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY
2
1
4
NOTTOWAY COUNTY
1
0
0
ORANGE COUNTY
2
1
3
PETERSBURG CITY
17
3
5
PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY
3
1
1
PORTSMOUTH CITY
31
10
34
POWHATAN COUNTY
3
0
1
PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
8
2
3
PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY
9
1
1
PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY
193
39
92
PULASKI COUNTY
5
1
2
RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY
1
0
0
RICHMOND CITY
103
19
58
ROANOKE CITY
39
3
5
ROANOKE COUNTY
2
0
0
ROCKINGHAM COUNTY
20
4
9
RUSSELL COUNTY
2
1
1
SALEM CITY
3
0
0
SHENANDOAH COUNTY
4
1
1
SMYTH COUNTY
2
0
0
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
28
2
5
STAFFORD COUNTY
36
6
20
STAUNTON CITY
2
0
0
SUFFOLK CITY
27
11
21
SUSSEX COUNTY
2
1
3
TAZEWELL COUNTY
2
1
1
VIRGINIA BEACH CITY
96
14
38
WARREN COUNTY
8
2
5
WASHINGTON COUNTY
2
2
6
WAYNESBORO CITY
3
0
0
WESTMORELAND COUNTY
1
0
0
WILLIAMSBURG CITY
3
0
0
WINCHESTER CITY
13
1
1
WYTHE COUNTY
2
0
0
YORK COUNTY
15
9
35
Grand Total
1973
399
938
Table 1: Distribution of unique individuals determined to be non-citizens that voted in each locality, and the number of total non-citizen identified ballots cast.
The distribution of the 938 ballots that were identified as being cast by non-citizen voters (yellow trace in Figure 1) in previous elections is shown in Figure 2. The most significant spikes are in the 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 November General elections, as well as the 2020 March Democratic presidential primary. Figure 3, which shows this distribution as a percentage of votes cast. Note that we do not yet have a voter history dataset from ELECT that covers the recent 2024 March and June primaries, so those elections are omitted from consideration. Also please note the scale of the Y-axis on the percent plot in Figure 3 is in units of 10^-3 percent.
Figure 2: Distribution of identified non-citizen ballots cast in previous elections.
Figure 3: Distribution of identified non-citizen ballots cast in previous elections as percent of total ballots cast, according to entries in the VHL data files.
Figures 4 and 5 show the distribution of the registration dates of the identified non-citizen records. The same data is plotted in figure 4 and 5, with the only difference being the scale of the Y-axis in order to better observe the dynamic range of the values. When we look at the registration date of these identified records, we see that there is a distinct relative increase starting around 1996, and then again around 2012.
Figure 4: Registration dates of the identified non-citizen records. Absolute count on y-axis.
Figure 5: Registration dates of the identified non-citizen records. Logarithmic Y-axis scale.
EPEC made a FOIA request to the VA Attorney General’s office on March 11, 2024 inquiring for any records regarding how many prosecutions for non-citizen voting had occurred since June of 2023. We received a response that the AG had no such relevant records.
EPEC subsequently submitted our March analysis dataset to the VA AG’s office upon their request. We have heard no updates or status as to any action taken by the AG’s office since that time, except that it is being considered an ongoing investigation.
Discussion
It appears from the MUS data, that the VA Department of Elections (ELECT) is doing routine identification, cleanup and removal of non-citizen registrations, which is a good thing and we commend them for their continued efforts to maintain clean voter registration lists.
However, the fact that a small number of these identified non-citizen registrations are also associated with (presumably … if the data from ELECT is accurate) illegally cast ballots in previous elections does raise a number of questions that citizens should be (politely) asking and discussing with their legislators, elected and appointed government officials. Each act of non-citizen voting is a de-facto disenfranchisement of legal voters rights, and is a punishable offense under VA law.
Q: How did these registrants get placed onto the voter rolls in the first place?
Q: What method and/or data sources are used by the state to identify non-citizen registrations for removal? If that process is exhaustive, and covers all registrations, then these numbers might be considered to represent a statistical complete picture of the problem. If that process is not exhaustive, in that it only uses serendipitous corroborating data sources, then these results likely under-represent the scale of the issues.
Q: As noted above, we are only considering here those individuals who have not had their records re-instated or reactivated after a determination of non-citizen status. We do not have enough information to determine how or why some records were first determined to be non-citizen, canceled and then subsequently re-instated. One potential area of concern is determining whether or not registrants might be falsely or errantly claiming to not be a citizen on official documents in order to be excused from jury duty, for example, and then work to re-instate their voting status once those documents percolate through the system to ELECT and are flagged for removal. This is a wholly separate but serious issue, as making false claims on official documents is itself a punishable offense.
Q: What procedures, processes and technical solutions are in place to prevent current or future registration and casting of ballots by non-citizens? This is especially pertinent given the current state of the flow of illegal immigrants crossing our national borders. According to a recent report by Yahoo Finance, VA is one of the top 30 destinations for illegal migrants, with both Loudoun County and Fairfax making the list.
Q: Why have none of the identified non-citizens who also cast ballots been investigated or prosecuted under VA Code 24.2-1004? As the identification of these ballots comes directly from looking at the official records produced by ELECT, it seems prudent for these to be forwarded by ELECT to the AG’s office with a recommendation to investigate and prosecute. Yet our FOIA request to the VA AG’s office inquiring as to any records associated with these types of investigations or prosecutions produced a “no relevant records exist” response. And since we submitted this information to the AG’s office, there has been no follow up.
Additionally, this evidence which is derived from only official state records, directly contradicts multiple news media reports and attestations that non-citizen voting is a “Myth”, and that non-citizen voting happens “almost never”. If the data from ELECT is accurate, then there are at least 938 ballots that have been cast by non-citizen voters just since 2019. Now, that is still very infrequent, but it is not “almost never.” It is a legitimate concern … and these discoveries are only the registrations that have been found and removed from the voter roles by ELECT and that we can observe in the data. We do not know how many exist that we do not know about.
It should be reiterated that these are only the records that we can observe given our data repository, and how often we can realistically purchase and acquire voter history and voter registration information. It is therefore likely that this represents a significant undercount of the occurrences of non-citizen voters and non-citizen voting.
It costs us (EPEC) approximately ~$5K for each purchase of the statewide voter history list, and approximately $15K/year to maintain RVL records using a single baseline full purchase + 2 purchases of the 6mo MUS subscription. Due to the infrequent nature of these data purchases, it is very likely that some individuals have had their voter history or voter registration information completely removed from the record in between our purchases. Additionally, we know that the MUS data does not entirely encompass all transactions performed on the RVL by the department of elections, so there may be yet other unknown transactions that we are missing.
For information that is supposed to be publicly available (according to federal NVRA laws), the state has put up significant hurdles in order for citizens and organizations to acquire it for use it for ensuring transparency and integrity of our electoral process. If we are to have elections that are transparent and accountable to the public, then we must insist that the data be made available and accessible.
Building off of our previous work on computing the string distance between all possible pairs of registered voter records in a single state in order to identify potential matches, we’ve updated the code to allow for cross state comparisons. The first states that we ran this on was VA and FL, using the dataset produced by the FL Department of Elections on 05-07-2024, and the dataset from the VA department of elections dated 05-01-2024. There were a total of 2,502 records that matched our constraints between the FL and VA datasets, as detailed below.
Note: All examples of data records given in this writeup have been fictionalized to protect registered voter identities from being published on this website, and only serve as illustrative examples representative of the nature of properties and characteristics discussed. Law enforcement, election or other gov officials, or individuals otherwise authorized to receive and handle voter data as per VA law and the VA Department of Elections are welcome to contact us for specific details and further information.
Each dataset had the First Name, Middle Initial, Last Name, Suffix, Gender, and Year, Month and Day of Birth concatenated into strings that were then compared against each other using the Levenshtein String Distance measure as an initial filtering method to determine potential matches.
Additionally, for each pair we computed the minimum string distance measure between all of the four possible permutations of pairings between the Primary and Mailing addresses in each record between the states. We required that this minimum distance for a set of registration entries be less than or equal to 12 characters. The choice of the value of twelve was empirically determined after review of the data, as it is loose enough to allow for common variations in address presentation while not being so loose as to be overwhelmed with false positive.
We additionally filtered these findings for only those pairings that were of ACTIVE registrations in both datasets AND where the year, month and day of birth were exact matches.
In summary the 2,502 matches were generated according to the following constraints:
Only applied to ACTIVE voter registrations
Required completed DOB (year, month and day) to exactly match
Required [First Name + Middle Initial + Last Name + Suffix + Gender + DOB] strings to be similar to within <=2 characters
Required that the minimum distance between any pairwise combination of the Primary or Mailing address between the records be less than or equal to 12 characters.
It should be noted that it is readily apparent from reviewing the potential matched records that the majority of these matches look to have originated in FL and then were subsequently moved to VA, but the FL record remained listed as active.
Category 1 Matches:
There were 698 matches in Category 1: where the Levenshtein distance measure for the name and DOB was equal to 0 (exact match) and the minimum address distance was also 0 (also an exact match). Examples in this category are exact matches for every considered field. An example is given below.
FL Active Registration Record: SOUXIEE Q SMITH F 08/19/1968 1267 SLEEPY SONG PL SPRINGFIELD VA 22150
VA Active Registration Record: SOUXIEE Q SMITH F 08/19/1968 1267 SLEEPY SONG PL SPRINGFIELD VA 22150
Category 2 Matches:
There were 1,533 matches in Category 2: where the Levenshtein distance measure for the name and DOB was equal to 0 (exact match) and the minimum address distance was greater than 0, but less than or equal to 12. Examples in this category commonly have differences in how the zip code, apartment numbers or state code is presented in either the Primary or Mailing address strings. An example is given below.
FL Active Registration Record: SOUXIEE Q SMITH F 08/19/1968 1267 SLEEPY SONG PLACE SPRINGFIELD VA 22150
VA Active Registration Record: SOUXIEE Q SMITH F 08/19/1968 1267 SLEEPY SONG PL SPRINGFIELD VA 221504259
Category 3 Matches:
There were 44 matches in Category 3: where the Levenshtein distance measure for the name and DOB was equal to 1 and the minimum address distance was equal 0 (exact match). Examples in this category are most often due to hyphenation or misspellings in the name, or a change in Gender (i.e. from “M”->”U”). An example is given below.
FL Active Registration Record: BENNIE DAS M 05/14/1945 12345 PEPPERMINT PATTY CREST APT 1000 ASHBURN VA 201475724
VA Active Registration Record: BENNEE DAS M 05/14/1945 12345 PEPPERMINT PATTY CREST APT 1000 ASHBURN VA 201475724
Category 4 Matches:
There were 140 matches in Category 4: where the Levenshtein distance measure for the name and DOB was equal to 1 and the minimum address distance was greater than 0, but less than or equal to 12. Examples in this category are most often due to hyphenation or misspellings in the name, or a change in Gender (i.e. from “M”->”U”), as well as small differences in how the addresses are presented. An example is given below.
FL Active Registration Record: BENNIE DAS M 05/14/1945 1267 SLEEPY SONG PLACE SPRINGFIELD VA 22150
VA Active Registration Record: BENNEE DAS M 05/14/1945 1267 SLEEPY SONG PL SPRINGFIELD VA 221504259
Category 5 Matches:
There were 19 matches in Category 5: where the Levenshtein sistance measure for the name and DOB was equal to 2 and the minimum address distance was equal 0 (exact match). Examples in this category are most often due to a middle name/initial being present in one record and not being present in the other. An example is given below.
FL Active Registration Record: BENNIE DAS M 05/14/1945 12345 PEPPERMINT PATTY CREST APT 1000 ASHBURN VA 201475724
VA Active Registration Record: BENNIE C DAS M 05/14/1945 12345 PEPPERMINT PATTY CREST APT 1000 ASHBURN VA 201475724
Category 6 Matches:
There were 68 matches in Category 3: where the Levenshtein Distance measure was equal to 1 and the minimum address distance was greater than 0, but less than or equal to 12. Examples in this category are most often due to a middle name/initial being present in one record and not being present in the other, as well as small differences in how the addresses are presented. An example is given below.
FL Active Registration Record: BENNIE C DAS M 05/14/1945 1267 SLEEPY SONG PLACE SPRINGFIELD VA 22150
VA Active Registration Record: BENNIE DAS M 05/14/1945 1267 SLEEPY SONG PL SPRINGFIELD VA 221504259
Table of Results by VA Locality:
Row Labels
LD=0, AD=0
LD=0, 0<AD<=12
LD=1, AD=0
LD=1, 0<AD<=12
LD=2, AD=0
LD=2, 0<AD<=12
ACCOMACK COUNTY
3
8
1
1
0
0
ALBEMARLE COUNTY
13
24
0
1
0
0
ALEXANDRIA CITY
15
52
1
6
1
1
ALLEGHANY COUNTY
1
3
0
1
0
0
AMELIA COUNTY
2
2
0
0
0
0
AMHERST COUNTY
3
2
0
0
0
0
APPOMATTOX COUNTY
5
0
0
0
1
0
ARLINGTON COUNTY
27
53
2
8
2
6
AUGUSTA COUNTY
3
8
0
1
1
0
BEDFORD COUNTY
4
15
0
1
0
0
BOTETOURT COUNTY
7
2
0
0
0
0
BRISTOL CITY
3
2
0
0
0
0
BRUNSWICK COUNTY
1
2
0
0
0
0
BUCHANAN COUNTY
1
0
0
0
0
0
BUCKINGHAM COUNTY
0
1
0
0
0
0
CAMPBELL COUNTY
2
3
1
1
0
0
CAROLINE COUNTY
0
2
0
0
0
0
CARROLL COUNTY
1
6
0
1
0
0
CHARLOTTE COUNTY
1
4
0
0
0
0
CHARLOTTESVILLE CITY
4
6
0
0
0
1
CHESAPEAKE CITY
27
87
4
13
1
4
CHESTERFIELD COUNTY
28
49
2
5
0
3
CLARKE COUNTY
0
2
0
0
0
0
COLONIAL HEIGHTS CITY
0
1
1
0
0
0
CRAIG COUNTY
2
1
0
0
0
0
CULPEPER COUNTY
6
8
0
0
0
0
CUMBERLAND COUNTY
2
0
0
0
0
0
DANVILLE CITY
2
1
0
0
0
0
DICKENSON COUNTY
1
3
0
0
0
0
DINWIDDIE COUNTY
0
3
0
1
0
0
ESSEX COUNTY
2
0
0
0
0
0
FAIRFAX CITY
3
6
0
0
0
0
FAIRFAX COUNTY
108
259
7
14
4
15
FALLS CHURCH CITY
2
2
0
0
0
1
FAUQUIER COUNTY
4
14
1
0
0
0
FLOYD COUNTY
1
1
1
0
0
0
FLUVANNA COUNTY
2
3
0
2
0
0
FRANKLIN CITY
3
1
0
0
0
0
FRANKLIN COUNTY
5
6
0
1
0
1
FREDERICK COUNTY
10
9
0
2
0
0
FREDERICKSBURG CITY
1
7
0
0
0
0
GALAX CITY
2
0
0
0
0
0
GILES COUNTY
0
0
0
1
0
0
GLOUCESTER COUNTY
6
17
0
1
1
0
GOOCHLAND COUNTY
2
2
1
0
1
0
GRAYSON COUNTY
1
3
0
1
0
0
GREENE COUNTY
0
5
0
0
0
0
HALIFAX COUNTY
1
2
0
1
0
0
HAMPTON CITY
10
16
0
6
0
0
HANOVER COUNTY
2
6
1
2
1
0
HARRISONBURG CITY
1
6
0
1
0
0
HENRICO COUNTY
24
33
0
3
0
1
HENRY COUNTY
3
5
0
1
0
0
ISLE OF WIGHT COUNTY
4
13
0
1
0
2
JAMES CITY COUNTY
23
25
1
1
0
0
KING GEORGE COUNTY
2
4
1
0
0
1
KING WILLIAM COUNTY
2
0
0
0
0
0
LANCASTER COUNTY
2
1
1
0
0
1
LEE COUNTY
3
1
0
0
0
0
LEXINGTON CITY
0
2
0
0
0
0
LOUDOUN COUNTY
29
73
1
1
2
2
LOUISA COUNTY
5
2
0
0
0
0
LYNCHBURG CITY
6
15
0
2
0
0
MADISON COUNTY
2
0
0
0
0
0
MANASSAS CITY
3
0
0
0
0
0
MANASSAS PARK CITY
1
0
0
0
0
0
MARTINSVILLE CITY
2
1
0
0
0
0
MATHEWS COUNTY
0
3
0
0
0
0
MECKLENBURG COUNTY
3
2
0
0
0
0
MIDDLESEX COUNTY
0
4
0
1
0
0
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
6
11
1
1
0
0
NELSON COUNTY
1
2
0
1
0
0
NEW KENT COUNTY
0
6
0
0
0
0
NEWPORT NEWS CITY
8
17
0
1
0
2
NORFOLK CITY
14
58
0
11
0
1
NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY
2
1
1
0
0
0
NOTTOWAY COUNTY
0
1
0
0
0
0
ORANGE COUNTY
5
6
1
0
0
0
PAGE COUNTY
1
2
0
0
0
0
PATRICK COUNTY
0
2
0
0
0
0
PETERSBURG CITY
2
1
0
0
0
0
PITTSYLVANIA COUNTY
3
7
0
1
0
0
POQUOSON CITY
1
0
0
0
0
0
PORTSMOUTH CITY
5
9
1
1
0
0
POWHATAN COUNTY
2
2
0
1
0
0
PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY
0
2
0
0
0
0
PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY
1
1
1
1
0
1
PRINCE WILLIAM COUNTY
40
83
2
11
3
3
PULASKI COUNTY
2
2
0
0
0
0
RADFORD CITY
0
2
0
0
0
0
RAPPAHANNOCK COUNTY
0
2
1
0
0
0
RICHMOND CITY
12
29
1
3
0
0
ROANOKE CITY
14
12
1
2
0
0
ROANOKE COUNTY
14
15
0
0
0
1
ROCKBRIDGE COUNTY
2
2
2
0
0
0
ROCKINGHAM COUNTY
1
5
0
1
0
1
RUSSELL COUNTY
0
3
0
0
0
1
SALEM CITY
2
1
0
0
0
0
SCOTT COUNTY
2
0
0
0
0
0
SHENANDOAH COUNTY
0
1
0
1
0
1
SMYTH COUNTY
1
2
0
0
0
0
SOUTHAMPTON COUNTY
0
2
0
1
0
0
SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY
10
19
1
1
0
0
STAFFORD COUNTY
20
48
0
4
0
4
STAUNTON CITY
1
2
0
0
0
0
SUFFOLK CITY
12
31
0
0
0
1
TAZEWELL COUNTY
0
5
0
1
0
0
VIRGINIA BEACH CITY
46
177
1
11
1
12
WARREN COUNTY
2
4
0
0
0
0
WASHINGTON COUNTY
3
5
1
1
0
0
WAYNESBORO CITY
1
3
0
0
0
0
WESTMORELAND COUNTY
5
2
0
0
0
1
WILLIAMSBURG CITY
1
1
0
0
0
0
WINCHESTER CITY
0
6
0
0
0
0
WISE COUNTY
0
7
0
0
0
0
WYTHE COUNTY
0
0
0
1
0
0
YORK COUNTY
12
35
2
2
0
0
Grand Total
698
1533
44
140
19
68
Tabulated Results by FL County Code:
Row Labels
LD=0, AD=0
LD=0, 0<AD<=12
LD=1, AD=0
LD=1, 0<AD<=12
LD=2, AD=0
LD=2, 0<AD<=12
MON
2
20
0
1
0
0
ALA
0
23
0
2
0
0
BAK
0
2
0
0
0
0
BAY
7
40
0
4
1
0
BRA
2
2
0
0
0
0
BRE
41
39
1
1
2
3
BRO
12
95
0
6
0
8
CHA
71
14
6
1
2
1
CIT
1
6
0
1
0
0
CLA
7
47
2
5
0
3
CLL
1
52
0
1
0
1
CLM
0
0
0
1
0
0
DAD
50
59
2
6
2
1
DES
1
1
0
0
0
0
DUV
28
114
4
21
1
9
ESC
19
103
1
10
0
3
FLA
5
11
0
1
2
2
FRA
1
1
0
0
0
0
GAD
1
0
0
1
0
0
GLA
1
0
0
0
0
0
GUL
0
4
0
0
0
0
HAM
3
0
0
0
0
0
HAR
3
1
0
0
0
0
HEN
1
0
0
0
0
0
HER
8
16
0
2
0
1
HIG
0
1
0
0
0
0
HIL
29
65
2
10
1
4
HOL
0
1
0
0
0
0
IND
9
11
1
0
1
0
JAC
0
2
0
0
0
0
LAK
1
10
0
1
0
1
LEE
0
46
0
3
0
1
LEO
35
9
2
0
1
0
LEV
3
0
1
0
0
0
MAD
0
0
1
0
0
0
MAN
31
21
1
1
0
1
MRN
26
16
0
1
0
1
MRT
40
6
2
2
1
1
NAS
4
12
0
1
0
0
OKA
50
31
3
0
1
2
OKE
1
0
0
0
0
0
ORA
1
139
0
9
0
4
OSC
4
15
1
0
0
0
PAL
35
89
3
10
0
2
PAS
0
30
0
3
0
1
PIN
4
88
0
6
0
3
POL
0
62
0
9
0
2
PUT
2
1
0
0
0
0
SAN
13
42
0
3
0
2
SAR
17
18
1
1
2
0
SEM
53
34
5
3
0
3
STJ
8
22
1
5
0
3
STL
60
20
4
2
2
1
SUM
2
29
0
3
0
1
SUW
3
3
0
0
0
0
TAY
0
2
0
0
0
0
VOL
0
51
0
3
0
3
WAK
1
1
0
0
0
0
WAL
1
6
0
0
0
0
Grand Total
698
1533
44
140
19
68
Addendum + Updates:
In response to a number of questions we have received on this topic, and continued work to dig into this data:
The number of matches above has been corrected from the original 2,527 to 2,502 (a difference of 25) due to a “fat-finger” error in tallying the total number of category 5 matches.
For the strict constraints given above, the number of matched records where there is a vote recorded for the same election date in both the VA and FL data is 13.
We also computed the number of exact [First Name + Middle Initial + Last Name + Gender + Full DOB] matches without requiring our additional address filter. This criteria is more strict in the initial match, but more loose in the subsequent filtering.
This results in a total of 17,701 matches when considering only Active voters on each of the FL and VA voter lists.
There are 343 of these matches where both FL and VA records have a history of votes cast in the same election.
The number jumps to 81,155 if we consider either Active or Inactive registrations.
There are 382 of these matches where both FL and VA records have a history of votes cast in the same election.
Below you will find the current summary data and graphics from the 2024 VA June Democratic Primary Election Daily Absentee List files. We pull the DAL file everyday and track the count of each specific ballot category in each daily file.
Note: Page may take a moment to load the graphics objects.
Place your cursor over the series name in the legend at right to see the series highlighted in the graphic. Place your cursor over a specific data point to see that data points value.
The logarithmic plot is the same underlying data as the linear scale plot, except with a logarithmic y-scale in order to be able to compress the dynamic range and see the shape of all of the data curves in a single graphic. Place your cursor over the series name in the legend at right to see the series highlighted in the graphic. Place your cursor over a specific data point to see that data points value.
The underlying data for the graphics above is provided in the summary data table.
Additional Data:
Additional CSV datasets stratified by Locality, City, Congressional District, State House District, State Senate District, and Precinct are available here.
Data column descriptions:
“ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “ISSUED”
“NOT_ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “NOT ISSUED”
“PROVISIONAL” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “PROVISIONAL” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“DELETED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “DELETED”
“MARKED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “MARKED” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“ON_MACHINE” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “ON_MACHINE” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“PRE_PROCESSED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “PRE-PROCESSED” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“FWAB” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “FWAB” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“MAIL_IN” := The sum of “MARKED” + “PRE_PROCESSED”
“COUNTABLE” := The sum of “PROVISIONAL” + “MARKED” + “PRE_PROCESSED” + “ON_MACHINE” + “FWAB”
“MILITARY” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY”
“OVERSEAS” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS”
“TEMPORARY” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY”
“MILITARY_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY” and where COUNTABLE is True
“OVERSEAS_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS” and where COUNTABLE is True
“TEMPORARY_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY” and where COUNTABLE is True
All data purchased by Electoral Process Education Corp. (EPEC) from the VA Dept of Elections (ELECT). All processing performed by EPEC.
If you like the work that EPEC is doing, please support us with a donation.
Below you will find the current summary data and graphics from the 2024 VA June Republican Primary Election Daily Absentee List files. We pull the DAL file everyday and track the count of each specific ballot category in each daily file.
Note: Page may take a moment to load the graphics objects.
Place your cursor over the series name in the legend at right to see the series highlighted in the graphic. Place your cursor over a specific data point to see that data points value.
The logarithmic plot is the same underlying data as the linear scale plot, except with a logarithmic y-scale in order to be able to compress the dynamic range and see the shape of all of the data curves in a single graphic. Place your cursor over the series name in the legend at right to see the series highlighted in the graphic. Place your cursor over a specific data point to see that data points value.
The underlying data for the graphics above is provided in the summary data table.
Additional Data:
Additional CSV datasets stratified by Locality, City, Congressional District, State House District, State Senate District, and Precinct are available here.
Data column descriptions:
“ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “ISSUED”
“NOT_ISSUED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “NOT ISSUED”
“PROVISIONAL” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “PROVISIONAL” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“DELETED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “DELETED”
“MARKED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “MARKED” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“ON_MACHINE” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “ON_MACHINE” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“PRE_PROCESSED” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “PRE-PROCESSED” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“FWAB” := Number of DAL file records where BALLOT_STATUS= “FWAB” and APP_STATUS=”APPROVED”
“MAIL_IN” := The sum of “MARKED” + “PRE_PROCESSED”
“COUNTABLE” := The sum of “PROVISIONAL” + “MARKED” + “PRE_PROCESSED” + “ON_MACHINE” + “FWAB”
“MILITARY” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY”
“OVERSEAS” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS”
“TEMPORARY” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY”
“MILITARY_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “MILITARY” and where COUNTABLE is True
“OVERSEAS_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “OVERSEAS” and where COUNTABLE is True
“TEMPORARY_COUNTABLE” := Number of DAL file records where VOTER_TYPE= “TEMPORARY” and where COUNTABLE is True
All data purchased by Electoral Process Education Corp. (EPEC) from the VA Dept of Elections (ELECT). All processing performed by EPEC.
If you like the work that EPEC is doing, please support us with a donation.
